Brain tumors are masses that form due to uncontrolled cell growth in the brain tissue or nearby areas. Tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Classification

• Primary Tumors: Tumors originating from the brain itself

  • Glial Tumors: Includes types such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma.

  • Meningiomas: Arise from the meninges (the protective membranes surrounding the brain). These are usually benign.

  • Nerve Sheath Tumors: Such as schwannomas, which arise from the cells that cover the nerves.

• Secondary (Metastatic) Tumors: Tumors that result from cancer spreading from other parts of the body to the brain. Lung, breast, and melanoma are common sources of metastasis.

Symptoms

• Headache (can be more intense in the morning)

• Nausea and vomiting

• Seizures

• Vision, speech, or hearing problems

• Mental and behavioral changes

• Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs

Diagnosis and Imaging

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): The most commonly used method to determine the location, size, and structure of brain tumors.

• CT (Computed Tomography): Preferred for assessing conditions such as bleeding or calcification.

• Biopsy: Pathological examination of tissue taken from the tumor for definitive diagnosis.

Treatment

• Surgery: Removal of the tumor is typically the first step.

• Radiotherapy: Used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.

• Chemotherapy: Targets tumor cells using drugs.

• Targeted Therapies: Modern treatments that focus on specific molecular mechanisms.

Prognosis

The prognosis of brain tumors depends on factors such as tumor type, grade, location, and the patient's overall health. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the prognosis.