Craniosynostosis is a condition that occurs when the sutures (fibrous joints) between the bones of the skull close too early in infants. This early closure can lead to skull deformities and sometimes complications that may prevent normal brain growth.

Normal Skull Development

The skull is made of bones that are held together by flexible sutures at birth. These sutures typically close during childhood to allow for brain growth. In craniosynostosis, one or more of these sutures close too early.

Classification

• Single Suture Craniosynostosis (Simple):
  Only one suture closes early.
  The most common types are:

  • Sagittal Suture Craniosynostosis: The head appears long and narrow (scaphocephaly).

  • Coronal Suture Craniosynostosis: Asymmetry is formed in the forehead and around the eyes (plagiocephaly).

  • Metopic Suture Craniosynostosis: The forehead may appear narrow and triangular (trigonocephaly).

• Multiple Suture Craniosynostosis (Complex):
  More than one suture is affected.
  This is often associated with genetic syndromes (e.g., Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome).

Symptoms

• Skull Shape Abnormality: Specific shape changes depending on which sutures close early.

• Slower Growth of the Skull Circumference: Growth of the skull may be slower than normal.

• Pressure-related Symptoms:

  • In advanced cases, signs of increased intracranial pressure (headaches, vomiting, vision problems).

Diagnostic Methods

• Physical Examination: Palpation of the skull shape and sutures.

• Imaging:

  • X-ray: To observe early closure of sutures.

  • CT Scan (Computerized Tomography): Provides the most detailed view of bone structures and suture conditions.

Treatment

• Surgical Treatment:

  • Opening the sutures and reshaping the skull.
    Surgery is usually performed between 6-12 months of age.

• Endoscopic Methods: A less invasive option, applicable with early diagnosis.

• Shaping Helmets: Can be used in mild cases along with surgery.

• Complex Cases: A multidisciplinary approach is needed for cases associated with genetic syndromes.

Complications

• If untreated, increased intracranial pressure, mental development problems, and aesthetic issues may arise.

Prognosis

• With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most infants can achieve normal skull shape and brain development.

• In cases associated with genetic syndromes, long-term follow-up may be necessary.