Thoracic disk herniation is a rare disk condition caused by displacement or rupture of the disks in the thoracic (chest) region of the spine. It occurs much less frequently compared to the lumbar (lower back) and cervical (neck) regions (approximately 1-2% of all disk herniations).

Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by sudden, short, severe, and electric shock-like pain along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve) on one side of the face.

Tethered cord is a condition in which the spinal cord is abnormally attached to the spinal canal, preventing free movement. This attachment causes the spinal cord to remain tense and, over time, leads to nerve tissue damage, resulting in neurological symptoms.

A subdural hematoma is a type of bleeding that occurs between the dura mater (the brain's outer membrane) and the arachnoid membrane. It is typically venous in origin and often develops after a blow to the head.

Spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital abnormal connections between the spinal cord vessels. Normally, arteries transfer blood slowly to the veins through capillaries, but in AVMs, there is no capillary network; blood flows directly from the arteries to the veins. This creates high pressure in the blood vessels and disturbed blood flow.

Syringomyelia is a condition where a fluid-filled cyst (syrinx) forms within the spinal cord. Over time, this cyst expands and compresses the spinal cord tissue, leading to various neurological problems.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is the leakage of blood into the subarachnoid space, which is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that cover the surface of the brain. This area normally contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and bleeding in this space can lead to severe brain damage and pose a life-threatening risk.

Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida, a congenital closure defect of the spinal cord. In this condition, the spinal bones do not fully develop, and both the spinal cord and the meninges (the protective membranes surrounding nerve tissue) protrude through the vertebral defect in a sac.

Moyamoya disease is a rare vascular disorder characterized by progressive narrowing or occlusion of the brain's major arteries (especially the internal carotid artery and its branches). As cerebral blood flow decreases, small abnormal vessels form. These vessels appear as a "puff of smoke" on angiography; the Japanese term "moyamoya" means "cloudy smoke."

Intraserebral hematoma is a serious and life-threatening condition caused by the accumulation of blood within the brain tissue. It typically develops due to the rupture of small blood vessels.

Epidural hematoma is a serious medical condition that occurs due to the accumulation of blood between the skull and dura mater (the outermost membrane of the brain), often developing after trauma.

Encephalocele is a congenital defect in which brain tissue and the meninges (the membranes covering the brain) herniate through an opening in the skull. It is a type of neural tube defect that develops during prenatal life.

Chiari malformation is a congenital structural disorder in which cerebellar tissue—particularly the tonsils—descends from its normal position into the spinal canal. This downward displacement can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to a range of neurological symptoms.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular anomalies characterized by abnormal, direct connections between arteries and veins without the presence of a normal capillary network. This structure leads to both weakened vessel walls and abnormal blood flow.

Spina bifida is a congenital condition that results from an anomaly in the development of the spine and spinal cord. It occurs due to the incomplete closure of the neural tube, leading to an opening in the spinal bones, which can affect the spinal cord.

Spinal stenosis is a condition where the spinal canal narrows, resulting in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. It most commonly affects the lumbar (lower back) and cervical (neck) regions and is often associated with the aging process.

Cervical disc herniation occurs when the discs in the cervical spine (neck region) shift or rupture, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. This can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and muscle weakness in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand.

Brain tumors are masses that form due to uncontrolled cell growth in the brain tissue or nearby areas. Tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Spinal cord tumors are abnormal cell growths that develop within the spinal cord, the spinal cord membranes, or surrounding tissues. These tumors can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, leading to neurological symptoms.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the brain ventricles due to the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain ventricles. CSF pressure is typically measured within normal range, but the accumulation leads to functional impairments in the brain.

Pituitary adenomas are tumors that originate from the cells of the pituitary gland, typically benign. The pituitary gland is a crucial organ that regulates hormone production in the body, and therefore, adenomas can lead to hormonal imbalances and symptoms due to pressure on adjacent tissues.

Hydrocephalus is a condition that occurs as a result of an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord. The excessive buildup of this fluid increases intracranial pressure, which can damage brain tissue.

Craniosynostosis is a condition that occurs when the sutures (fibrous joints) between the bones of the skull close too early in infants. This early closure can lead to skull deformities and sometimes complications that may prevent normal brain growth.

Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI) is a device that enables the transmission of sound signals directly to the auditory pathways in the brainstem in individuals with damaged or underdeveloped auditory nerves. It is particularly used in cases where cochlear implants are not suitable.